Those are the days when my mother used to wake me early in the mornings even those are Sundays. To take me to Grama Panchayat and some times to the Government school near my house. We used stand in qué where there were white dressed women used to squeeze a liquid from a tiny bottle. When it's my turn those women asked me to open my mouth and squeeze some drop of liquid which is bitter in taste.
Yeah what your are thinking is right that's nothing but the Polio drops (vaccine). How many of you Remember when you get your last Dose of vaccine? If not , you are going to take another dose of vaccine in coming days but this time it is Covid vaccine.
During this pandemic our salvation from covid-19 is the covid-19 vaccine. All the pharma companies are working at a mach speed to bring Covid vaccine as earlier as possible. May be it take some time. Before that let us acknowledge how the vaccine was prepared, different types in vaccines, what are the phases involved to approve a vaccine.
Vaccine is in form of liquid which gives us antibodies to protect our body from particular virus which attacks our Immune system or particular part in our body. It train's the body’s immune system so that it can fight a disease it has not come into contact with before.
How the vaccine was prepared?
Vaccine prepared from Micro organisms of a Particular virus or Bacteria which cause the disease.
There are 4 main types of vaccines based on preparation & How it reacts
1.Live-attenuated vaccine
2.Inactivated vaccine
3.Toxoid vaccine
4.Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide & conjugate vaccine
1.Live-attenuated vaccine
Live vaccines use a weakened form of the micro-organisms that causes a disease.
Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help to prevent, they create a strong and long lasting immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a germ and the disease it causes.
But live vaccines also have some limitations. For example:
-Because they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, some people should talk to their health care provider before receiving them, such as people with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or people who’ve had an organ transplant.
-They need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means they can’t be used in countries with limited access to refrigerators.
Some Examples of Live Vaccines Measles ,Mumps, Rotavirus, Smallpox, Chicken pox etc.
2.Inactivated vaccine
Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the micro-organisms that causes a disease.
Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may need several doses over time in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases.
Some Examples of these are Hepatitis-A, Polio, Flu, Rabies.
3.Toxoid vaccine
Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the micro-organisms that causes a disease. They create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. That means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ.
Like some other types of vaccines, you may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases.
Toxoid vaccines are used to protect against Diptheria,Tetanus.
4.Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide & conjugate vaccine
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific pieces of the micro-organisms like its protein, sugar.
Because these vaccines use only specific pieces of the germ, they give a very strong immune response that’s targeted to key parts of the germ. They can also be used on almost everyone who needs them, including people with weakened immune systems and long-term health problems.
One limitation of these vaccines is that you may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases.
These vaccines are used to protect us from HIB, Hepatitis-B, HPV, Whooping Cough, Pneumococcal disease, Shingles.
After Development of vaccines These are tested in 3-Phases to Release into market.
Phase-1 :During the first stage , the new vaccine is provided to small groups of people—the first time the vaccine is tested in humans.
Phase-2 :The second stage (Phase II) involves testing the vaccine on people who have similar characteristics (such as age and physical health) to the target population, or the group for which the vaccine is intended. The goal of this stage is to identify the most effective dosages and schedule for Phase III trials.
Phase-3 :The final stage provides the vaccine to thousands of people from the target population to see how safe and effective it is. Once the vaccine clears this stage, the manufacturer can apply for a license from regulatory authorities to market for human use.
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